1 .掌握学习障碍的临床表现和诊断标准。学习障碍( learning disorders , learning disabilities , LD )是指智力发育正常儿童在阅读、书写、计算、推理、交流等方面表现出特殊性的学习困难状态,多见于学龄期。全美学习障碍协会( National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities , NJCLD )将LD分为言语型学习障碍( verbal learning disabilities , VLD )和非言语型学习障碍( n ......