[概述]ETIOLOGY

The pathogenesis of esophageal cancer remains unclear and the pathogenetic mechanisms are different between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma .Oxidative damages , exposure of esophageal mucosa to carcinogens , chronic inflammation and irritation ......

——《Essential Internal Medicine》

书名：《Essential Internal Medicine》

栏目：Essential Internal Medicine > PART 3 GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES > Chapter 4 Cancer of Esophagus and Stomach > ESOPHAGEAL CANCERS

作者：Joseph JY SUNG Ji-yao WANG T

参编：Guang，fengSHI，LawrenceKSWONG，Xiao，weiYAN，JulianaCNCHAN（陈重娥），FrancisKLCHAN（陈家亮）

页码：198-199

版本：1

出版社：人民卫生出版社

出版时间：2009-05-01

▲ [概述]PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES

▼ [概述]GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCT CANCER