专著速查

在检查包装时进行，应目测和（或）借助带光源放大镜检查。压力蒸汽灭菌效果的监测包括物理监测法、化学监测法、生物监测法和B-D测试，应遵循WS。F ）小型压力蒸汽灭菌器因一般无标准

After STEMI , the left ventricle undergoes a series of changes in shape , size , and thickness in both the infarcted and noninfarcted segments .Progressive dila

胃癌是一种病因相当复杂的基因病，其发生、发展过程涉及到多种编码基因与非编码基因的异常表达。本课题组采用miRNA芯片发现了12种miRNA在胃癌组织中高表达，包括miR‐。通过抑

Gluten-free diet : At present , the only available treatment is a strict gluten-free diet , involving the lifelong elimination of wheat , rye , and barley from

The diagnosis of RA should be made based on comprehensive evaluation of patient ’ s clinical presentations , X-ray changes and laboratory tests .This criteria

The usual management includes antipyretics , fluids , and treatment of secondary bacterial infections .For acute disseminated encephalomyelitis , high-dose cort

Most patients are anxious and pallor associated with perspiration and coolness of the extremities commonly occurs .Although many patients have a normal pulse ra

The enterocytes are abnormal with disruption of microvilli and reduced brush border enzyme levels .Megaloblastic changes may be seen in the crypt epithelium .In

Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess can be associated with diabetes mellitus Endophthalmitis , can be a complication .

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions .The primary goal of therapy is maintaining seizure freedom with minimal or no medication side effect

Atherosclerotic pandemics are dramatically promoted by the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors , such as physical inactivity , smoking , obesit

Some patients may have liver cirrhosis secondary to underlying chronic liver disease such as chronic hepatitis B before the onset of acute liver failure .

General considerations of cardiovascular disease / / Zipes DP , Libby P , Bonow RO . Braunwald ’ s Heart Disease . A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine-7th ed

These cut-off points are too high for Asians . In 2000 , the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office , in collaboration with the International Obesity Task Force ,

Material : adrenal gland of animal with HE staining .The periphery is cortex with deep stained , the central portion is light-stained , called medulla .4.3.1 Co

开胸、体外循环下的AVR手术是经过时间考验的，可靠的，可重复的，安全的治疗主动脉瓣疾病的方法。在当今的试验中，即使通过术前的食道超声或者CT检查中可以准确地测量出主动脉瓣环

SARS是一种原因不明的、新的传染病，对社会危害极大。因此，必须组织专门的研究队伍和科技骨干，并成立强有力的科研管理机构。科研经费是SARS科研活动极为重要的支撑条件，其来源为

在流动水下，使双手充分淋湿。取适量肥皂（皂液） ，均匀涂抹至整个手掌、手背、手指和指缝。认真揉搓双手至少15秒钟，应注意清洗双手所有皮肤，包括指背、指尖和指缝，具体揉搓步骤为。

6.1 To stabilize the low birth rate , control birth defects , ensure pregnancy safety , and improve the newborn population quality.Focused on : ① To develop tr

What does the primitive heart develop into?What kind of blood vessel does the heart tube connect with at the cephalic end and the caudal end?

Patients with aplastic anemia have varying degree of pancytopenia .Anemia is associated with low reticulocyte index .The reticulocyte count usually is less than

Other serologic tests are also indicated when clinical diagnosis is suspected ( Table 5.2.1 ) .Post-biopsy scanning has shown that the vast majority of patients

本标准适用于存在血源性病原体职业接触的用人单位。本标准中提到的“用人单位”指可能造成劳动者血源性职业接触的机构，如医疗卫生机构、采供血机构、研究机构实验室、戒毒所

本章依据Jaccard系数对其进行测算，应用SAS/STAT中的CLUSTER过程（系统聚类过程）实现样品聚类分析，从统计学角度对于物种遗传关系、亲缘关系进行初步确定。

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves ( CN Ⅰ-Ⅶ ) in human .The clinical features of their lesions are unique from each others .Head injury and olfactory groove

采样后应尽快对样品进行相应指标的检测，送检时间不得超过4小时。不推荐医院常规开展灭菌物品的无菌检查，当流行病学调查怀疑医院感染事件与灭菌物品有关时，进行相应物品的无菌

Such as ceftriaxone ( 2 g daily ) for 10 to 14 days , followed by treatment with at least one drug that efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier ( e . g . ,

在少年期、青春期及青年时期的患者更有必要给予关心，而且要对患者术后的顺从性进行评价。

The common clinical manifestations of AOSD are high fever , polyarthritis , sore throat , skin rashes on the trunk and extremities which become more prominent w

Include : ‘ yangjinhua ’ (洋金花) ( the dried flowers of Datura metel L . ) for ‘ lingxiaohua ’ (凌霄花) ( the dried flowers of Campsis grandiflora and C .

将口罩罩住鼻、口及下巴，口罩下方带系于颈后，上方带系于头顶中部，如图A . 1 。将双手指尖放在鼻夹上，从中间位置开始，用手指向内按压，并逐步向两侧移动，根据鼻梁形状塑造鼻夹。一手

本书稿是对肾移植医生应该掌握的移植肾病理概括的一个解说。为了移植肾的长期存活，加强移植肾病理诊断也极其重要。

Signs and symptoms of lung cancer are caused by direct invasion of surrounding structures , metastasis to end organs or , less commonly , paraneoplastic syndrom

Correct resuscitation techniques are essential to maximize the success of resuscitation .They are physical skills that require practice to learn and maintain .O

按照《消毒技术规范》的规定，将嗜热脂肪杆菌芽孢菌片制成标准生物测试包或生物PCD ，或使用一次性标准生物测试包，对灭菌器的灭菌质量进行生物监测。标准生物监测包置于灭菌器排

AVM患者一生出血概率如表3 - 2所示，一般认为50%以上，有出血史为67% ，出血量小可无症状， AVM隐性出血概率约为6.9% ，大量出血可致失语、偏瘫、昏迷和脑疝，第一次出血死亡率10% ，致残

Most patients with Hodgkin ’ s lymphoma can be cured by currently available treatment .For Hodgkin ’ s lymphoma , the main challenge for hematologist/oncologi

Particular attention should be given to the presence of finger clubbing , nicotine stains on fingers , and peripheral and central cyanosis .Wasting of the small

本附录规定了用风管法测定集中空调系统的新风量，即直接在新风管上测定新风量的方法。在机械通风系统处于正常运行或规定的工况条件下，通过测量新风管某一断面的面积及该断面的

在SARS疫情控制过程中,作为医院的医、药、护三大支柱学科部门之一的药剂部门，必须进行科学的管理。SARS时期，药剂部门必须及时为病人和临床医师提供高质量、疗效优、不良反应

Shigellosis , commonly known as acute bacillary dysentery , is manifested by the passage of loose stools mixed with blood and mucous and accompanied with fever

Systematic reviews have shown that eradication of H . pylori infection alone heals gastric and duodenal ulcers without the need of additional acid suppressive t

民营口腔诊所在我国的口腔医疗事业中发挥着越来越重要的作用。但是，它的发展历史毕竟还非常短，虽然国外有许多成功的宝贵经验可以借鉴，但我国又有非常特殊的国情，存在着许多在别

Deepening the reform of medical and health care system is a major practical action of the thoroughly implementation of the scientific outlook on development , a

Very broad spectrum of activity , including most yeasts and filamentous fungi .Possible exceptions include C . lusitaniae , C . guillermondii , Scedosporium spp

以HSV‐1 T K与GCV复合的晶体结构的SAR为线索，并且对ACV、PCV、H2G和oxytanocin的底物作用能力进行比较后，设计了一种新的核苷类似物系列。对oxytanocins系列的侧链构象和对映

Pheochromocytoma has been termed the “ 10%tumor ” : 10%bilateral , 10%extraadrenal , 10%malignant , and about 10%occurring in childhood .In most patients the

The common symptoms of cardiovascular disease are often nonspecific and the interpretation depends largely on the entire clinical picture and diagnostic testing

2.1 Observe the model : the embryonic heart from 11-16 somite embryo and the heart from 5mm / 6mm large embryo .The figure in the textbook-the position of the p

Certain mediators that are related to obesity , such as leptin , may affect airway function .The recognition that a smaller family size is associated with a hig

专业清洗机构应具有独立法人资格。从事集中空调系统消毒工作的消毒技术人员应具备大专以上学历，从事相关专业3年以上，掌握消毒基本知识和消毒效果评价方法，以及消毒剂配制、消

1 .定义：在气道压力释放通气（APRV）期间，患者在自主呼吸的基础上接受CPAP，在呼气时阀门间断打开，释放出一定的压力低于预先设置的压力或低于周围的压力。因而同时应用了两种水平的

First , it is important to ensure that the airway is clear , the patient is breathing adequately and the circulation is not compromised ( Table 11.4.1 ) .It is

The common mononeuropathies include those affecting the median , ulnar and radial nerves in the arms , and the femoral , sciatic and lateral popliteal nerves in

胰岛素抗体（insulin autoantibody，IAA），即可与胰岛素相结合的自身抗体。IAA的出现有两种情况，一种出现于接受外源性胰岛素治疗的患者，主要和胰岛素制剂的纯度有关系。诊断胰岛素抵

女， 50岁，左枕颞部持续性钝痛3年，晨起发作，抬头或低头疼痛加重，每次发作均达数小时，且疼痛停止后有发际触痛，其姐妹均有类似头痛史。24 .如果该患者经1月治疗后，疱疹已愈合胸部皮肤

Pulmonary stenosis constitutes 10%-12%of adult congenital heart disease cases . 90%of the patients have valvular obstruction .Pulmonary valvular stenosis is typ

Laboratory pathways for determining which clotting factor is abnormal or deficient .PT increased , but APTT normal , which clotting factor is abnormal ?The subj

烟雾病（Moyamoya disease，MD）最早在日本发现，曾被认为是日本人特有的一种疾病。日本现有烟雾病的患者达6000例以上，每年大约有150～450例新发患者，男性略少于女性，男女发病比为1 ∶ 1

AAALAC （ Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care ）国际实验动物评估和认可委员会.

In the past few decades , a number of effective drug regimens have been found for treating patients with newly diagnosed smearpositive pulmonary TB ( Table 2.6.

Vaccination against common and travelrelated vaccine-preventable diseases is an important part of advice to travelers .The pre-travel assessment should include

快速心房刺激对心房细胞的电活动产生多种影响，如缩短心房的有效不应期（AERP）、增加AERP的异质性（不均匀性或离散度）以及减慢局部区域传导，而且快速心房电刺激后心房内径及容积明显

阿萨希毛孢子菌trichophyton ascii var .

For a patient with confirmed airflow obstruction by spirometry , COPD is further classified into different degrees of severity according to the GOLD Guidelines

The diagnosis is immune thrombocytopenia ( ITP ) unless proven otherwise .Should be designed to maintain a safe platelet count with minimum treatment and minimu

2S-[2α, 3 β ( Z ) ］ ］ - 2 - ［ ［ ［ 1 - ( 2 -氨基- 4 -噻唑基) - 2 - ［ ( 2 -甲基- 4 -氧代- 1 -磺基- 3 -氮杂环丁烷基)氨基］ - 2 -氧代亚乙.用于注射用氨曲南检查或含量测定。

除RDRP外，还有一些病毒蛋白也参与RNA的合成。这些辅助蛋白有以下几个作用：①指导RDRP进入正确的细胞位点。帮助RDRP识别RNA模板的启始位点.另外正链RNA病毒编码的解旋酶（helica

Symptoms may be modified by concomitant immunosuppressive treatment , causing difficulty in establishing an early diagnosis .Most sensitive in patients undergoi

Reversible airflow obstruction is demonstrated by reduced peak expiratory flow rate ( PEF ) and 1-second forced expiratory volume ( FEV1 ) .Skin-prick tests to

6 -苯基- 8 -氯- 4H - ［ 1 ， 2 ， 4 ］ -三氮唑［ 4 ， 3 - a ］ ［ 1 ， 4 ］苯并二氮杂.本品为白色或类白色的结晶性粉末。本品在三氯甲烷中易溶，在甲醇中溶解，在乙酸乙酯或乙醇中略溶，在水中几

风险分级对于患者和医师作出决策以及进行医护都有帮助。最简单最常用的分级系统是纽约心脏协会分级（NY H A，表27‐。NY H A Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级的患者比NY H A Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级的患者并发症

BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine , and is one of the oldest and most widely used vaccines .BCG vaccination at birth is currently recommended by the WHO

That is to depart the patients from the etiological factors .Differentiation induction therapy:In 1986, scientists of our country found that the alltrans-retino

用于氨甲环酸、氨甲环酸片、氨甲环酸注射液检查或含量测定。取本品，加水溶解并定量稀释制成每1ml中约含氨甲环酸10mg的溶液，作为供试品溶液。0 . 2mg与氨甲苯酸2 μ g的溶液，作

肾脏集合系统（肾盏和肾盂）与肾段动脉、静脉丛、淋巴管及肾盂周围脂肪共同位于肾窦内，根据其受压程度及外在性因素的不同，可导致肾盏的散在性压迹、分离、张开，漏斗部延长，肾盏或肾

Following the establishment of the diagnosis , antimicrobial therapy should be administered in a dose designed to give sustained bactericidal serum concentratio

在肾移植前评估时明确CAD的患病率对于筛查和风险评估都有重要价值。移植前CAD的患病率由于CAD的定义、所研究人群、检查CAD的方法不同而有差异。另一个研究中，进行肾移植的患

1 -甲基- 6 -苯基- 8 -氯- 4H - ［ 1 ， 2 ， 4 ］ -三唑［ 4 ， 3 - a ］ ［ 1 ， 4 ］ ］ -苯并二氮杂.取本品，加二甲基甲酰胺溶解并定量稀释制成每1ml中约含10mg的溶液，作为供试品溶液，精密量取适

The difference could be summarized in Table 5.7.1 .Hypovolemic causes could be divided into renal or extra-renal loss .Classically , hypothyroidism and adrenal

目前应用于抑制免疫和炎症反应的药物主要包括：肾上腺糖皮质激素、环磷酰胺、环孢霉素、硫唑嘌呤、雷公藤多苷、霉酚酸酯、免疫球蛋白等。

用于阿昔洛韦、阿昔洛韦片、阿昔洛韦咀嚼片、阿昔洛韦乳膏、阿昔洛韦胶囊、阿昔洛韦滴眼液、阿昔洛韦颗粒、注射用阿昔洛韦、盐酸伐昔洛韦、盐酸伐。昔洛韦片、盐酸伐昔洛韦

Healthy persons:the person has not been infected by hepatitis virus.

Achalasia is the most common primary esophageal motor disorder , the incidence is about 0.55 cases per 100 000 population per year .Loss of inhibitory motor neu

The full dose of 200 mg of elemental iron daily is best given in divided doses after meal .When anemia has been was recovered , the therapy should be continued

透明质酸（haluronicacid，hyaluronan，HA）又名玻尿酸。天然的透明质酸是一种黏多糖，是由D -葡萄糖醛酸和N -乙酰葡萄糖胺二聚体的重复序列组成的线性多聚体。透明质酸没有种属和组

用于阿司匹林片、阿司匹林肠溶片、阿司匹林肠溶胶囊、阿司匹林泡腾片、阿司匹林栓检查或含量测定。在氢氧化钠溶液或碳酸钠溶液中溶解，但同时分解。0 . 1g ，精密称定，置10ml量

Drugs that interfere with platelet functions ( example aspirin ) and clotting ( example , warfarin ) must be avoided or stopped .For example , for a 50-kg patie

A “ complete ” neurological examination takes time and is rarely done .The student should try to learn a basic set of examination techniques which are simple

正在进行中的“瑞宁得”、他莫昔芬、ATAC试验（‘ Arimidex ’，Tamoxifen，Alone or in Combination（ATAC）Trial）是研究早期乳腺癌辅助治疗的大型试验，主要比较三代芳香酶抑制剂与他

用于阿替洛尔片检查或含量测定。取本品约10mg ，精密称定，置100ml量瓶中，加流动相适量，超声使溶解并稀释至刻度，摇匀，作为供试品溶液。精密量取1ml ，置100ml量瓶中，用流动相稀释至刻

Ventricular septal defect is the second most common lesion seen in adults .It could be classified morphologically into 3 types : perimembranous defect ( 65%) ex

Blockade of pre-synaptic β 2-receptors decreases neurotransmitter release in sympathetic nerve endings , which worsens hypotension .Blockade of β 2-receptors

弗雷德曼（Friedman）和罗森曼（Rosenman）在防治心血管疾病的临床实践中发现“冠心病易患行为模式”即A型行为类型，近年来我国有张伯源修订的问卷和孙银香修订的临床会谈及其评估方

Regions of the world with a high incidence of invasive amebiasis include the Indian subcontinent , the Middle East , and Southeast Asia , Mexico , parts of Sout

The majority of mitral stenosis ( MS ) is caused by rheumatic heart disease and it is less commonly due to congenital cause or other systemic diseases that caus

Clinical diagnosis of the genetically determined myopathies is based on family history , age of onset , distribution of weakness , and other features such as my

Acid-suppressing drugs:Such as H2-receptor antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors are effective drugs to promote ulcer healing however H2-receptor antagonist ha

Which are due to anterior pituitary cells failing to migrate to the normal pituitary gland site during the embryonic stages .Pituitary adenomas usually secrete

Diagnosis of MS is based on currently accepted consensus clinical and MRI criteria ( McDonald criteria , Table 9.7.1 ) requiring documentation of white matter d

测定血清ApoA Ⅰ浓度有免疫透射比浊法、酶联免疫吸附试验等。3 ﹒标准参考血清：将标准参考血清稀释成4种不同浓度的标准浓度。测定原理：用ApoA Ⅰ抗体包被聚苯乙烯板后作为固相，

用于头孢拉定、头孢拉定片、头孢拉定胶囊、注射用头孢拉定、头孢氨苄、头孢氨苄片、头孢氨苄胶囊、头孢羟氨苄、头孢羟氨苄片、头孢羟氨苄颗粒。头孢羟氨苄胶囊检查或含量测

The original description of Addison ’ s disease — “ general languor and debility , feebleness of the heart ’ s action , irritability of the stomach , and a

Chest discomfort, usually described as heaviness , pressure , squeezing , smothering , or choking and only rarely as frank pain .Radiates to the left shoulder a

Malaria is the most frequent cause of fever in returned travelers worldwide .Moreover , falciparum malaria in an otherwise non-immune individual is a medical em

Malaria is endemic in Africa , much of South and Southeast Asia , Central America , and northern South America . There are between 300 and 500 million infected

The key components of the laboratory evaluation of anemia are hemograms , reticulocyte , peripheral blood smear , and bone marrow aspirate and biopsy .When it i

2S, 5R ， 6R ) - 3 ， 3 -二甲基- 6 - ［ ( R ) - 2 -氨基- 2 -苯乙酰氨基］ - 7 -氧代- 4 -硫杂- 1 -氮杂双环［.用于氨苄西林、氨苄西林钠、注射用氨苄西林钠、注射用氨苄西林钠舒

综观西方发达国家的牙科诊所，绝大多数是以个人名义开设的，类似于我们所讲的“个体户”。这些诊所一般是由一个医生主持（称为principle），也许还有1～2个毕业时间不长的年轻医生（称为a

Weakness predominantly involves EOM , facial , bulbar , truncal , and proximal limb muscles .Symptoms fluctuate and worsen as the day progress .RNS is the most

2S, 5R ， 6R ) - 3 ， 3 -二甲基- 6 - ［ ( R ) - ( - ) - 2 -氨基- 2 - ( 4 -羟基苯基)乙酰氨基］ - 7 -氧代- 4 -硫杂- 1 -氮杂双环［.用于阿莫西林、阿莫西林干混悬剂、阿莫西林片

Events involved in the initiation of glomerular disease are still poorly understood .In most cases , immunoglobulin deposits in glomeruli , often co-deposited w

A ﹒ 1 ﹒ 1 ﹒ 1日常监测在检查包装时进行，应目测和（或）借助带光源放大镜检查，清洗后的器械表面及其关节、齿牙应光洁、无血渍、污渍、水垢等残留物质和锈斑。A ﹒ 2 ﹒ 1 ﹒ 1压力蒸汽灭菌

Pathologic features of rheumatic mitral valve disease include thickening of the leaflets with fusion of the edges at the commissures .The initial valvular patho

2R, 3S ， 4R ， 5R ， 8R ， 10R ， 11R ， 12S ， 13S ， 14R ) - 13 - ［ ( 2 ， 6 -二脱氧- 3 - C -甲基- 3 - O -甲基- α - L -核-己吡喃糖基)氧］ - 2 -乙基- 3 ， 4 ， 10 -三羟基- 3 ， 5 ， 6 ， 8

各种麻醉都成功地用于了产前干预和胎儿手术。但必须综合考虑妊娠妇女和胎儿的麻醉需求，事实上他们的需求有很大不同。某些内镜干预时，手术部位无神经支配，胎儿可能不会感受到有

General examination should start with a brief look at the patient for nutritional and hydration status .Stigmata of chronic liver disease including spider nevi

Most snake bites occur when the snake is trodden on .Snake bites are also an occupational hazard of farmers , agricultural workers and snake handlers .The patie

In general , there are three groups of causes : transcellular shift , gastrointestinal loss , or renal loss of potassium .For patients with chronic hypokalemia

But in clinical practice , patients usually also have sodium deficit .The route of water loss could be gastrointestinal ( especially viral gastroenteritis ) , r

Typical ECG changes in the early stage show concave upward ST-segment ( J point ) elevation in all ventricular leads with STsegment depression in aVR ( frequent

1, 5 -二甲基- 2 -苯基- 3 -氧代- 2 ， 3 -二氢- 1H -吡唑- 4 -基)甲氨基］甲烷磺酸钠盐一水合物.用于安乃近片检查及含量测定。取本品适量，精密称定，加甲醇溶解并稀释制成每1ml中

DNA主要由碱基、脱氧核糖和磷酸构成，这些成分都可能受到损伤。其中，碱基作为荷载遗传信息的关键物质，其损伤对宿主最为严重。目前的研究表明，宿主的内外环境因素均可诱发DNA损伤

The typical condition of hypofunction of anterior pituitary is Sheehan ’ s syndrome , which is induced by postpartum hemorrhage .Pituitary gland size increases

Acute , lower respiratory symptoms : fever ( or hypothermia ) , new cough , sputum production , purulent sputum , pleuritic chest pain , dyspnea .Beware of the

2S, 5R ， 6R ) - 3 ， 3 -二甲基- 6 - ［ ( R ) - 2 - ( 2 -氧代- 1 -咪唑烷甲酰氨基) - 2 -苯乙酰氨基］ - 7 -氧代- 4 -硫杂- 1 -氮杂双环［.取本品适量，加流动相溶解并稀释成每1ml

DNA分子损伤将激活细胞内一系列生化反应网络，引发多样性细胞学反应，其中的一个关键问题是DNA分子损伤信号在细胞中是被何种物质或分子识别并引发出下游的生化级联反应，这类关键

Goals of therapy : The primary goals are to induce remission and preventing relapses .Patients with mild to moderate disease that does not respond to primary th

Acute aortic regurgitation ( AR ) is usually associated with blunt chest trauma , endocarditis , or aortic dissection and is a surgical emergency in most situat

5 -甲氧基- 2 - ［ ［ ( 4 -甲氧基- 3 ， 5 -二甲基- 2 -吡啶基)甲基］亚磺酰基］ - 1H -苯并咪唑.用于奥美拉唑、奥美拉唑肠溶片、奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊检查或含量测定。取本品细粉适量(

文献中有关A‐V征的分型很多，Urist。将其分为V‐内斜、A‐内斜、V‐外斜和A‐外斜四型。分型的基础上又增加几种少见的现象,即X、Y及◇（菱形）现象。现着重谈前四型。A型内斜视:

1 ) Corticosteroids for acute episodes . 750-1000 mg/d of methylprednisonlone intravenous for three days is recommended .It targets at the alpha-4 integrin rece

1 ， 3 -二甲基- 3 ， 7 -二氢- 1H -嘌呤- 2 ， 6 -二酮- 1 ， 2 -乙二胺盐二水合物.用于氨茶碱、氨茶碱片、氨茶碱注射液及氨茶碱缓释片的含量测定。本品为白色至微黄色的颗粒或粉

For ischemic stroke , aspirin monotherapy , clopidogrel monotherapy , and aspirin combined with extended release dipyridamole are accepted options for patients

目前有些学者推测在AD的发病机制中，存在一种导致“旁观者溶解”的神经免疫反应，这种在AD发生的“旁观者溶解”或神经元的自我破坏，提示染色的小神经胶质细胞的活化导致生物化学

INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS.

The condition has been discussed above .It is more common in the elderly and hypovolemic patients with pre-existing renal disease .There should be a history of

用于氨甲环酸、氨甲环酸片、氨甲环酸注射液检查或含量测定。白色磷片状结晶。稍溶于冷水，溶于热水，几乎不溶于乙醇、氯仿。相关色谱图参见〈氨甲环酸〉。

Patients may present with non-specific symptoms of malaise , nausea , vomiting , abdominal pain and dehydration .

It has very complicated clinical manifestations since it encompasses a wide spectrum of disease severities that range from mild to severe .Important organ invol

5 -甲氧基- 2 - ［ ［ ( 4 -甲氧基- 3 ， 5 -二甲基- 2 -吡啶基) -甲基］ -磺酰基］ - 1H苯并咪唑.用于奥美拉唑、奥美拉唑肠溶片、奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊检查或含量测定。相关色谱图参见〈

Sleep apnea can be broadly classified into three main patterns : obstructive , mixed , and central , plus a relatively new entity , upper airway resistance synd

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis）是最常见的中枢神经系统的获得性、炎症性、脱髓鞘性疾病，在美国患病人数大约是25万人。症状可在麻醉后加重，特别是在发生术后高热后，但这种恶化没

Early studies suggested that NSAIDs cause topical injury to the stomach through ion trapping or reduction of surface hydrophobicity .Since then , there is subst

Atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is an age-related arrhythmic disorder and is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia in man .AF is associated with development of hea

340 ? PIVAS文化建设的常用手法都有哪些？PIVAS文化建设需要处理好以下关系：学习借鉴和自主创新的关系、着眼长远与立足当前的关系、领导重视与依靠群众的关系、 “教”与“学

A clinical diagnosis of HIV infection is made by means of two blood tests for HIV antibody .The testing for HIV RNA could be a useful adjunct under certain circ

As well as the necessary procedures to take in accordance with the control of the disease ( e . g . modification of treatment or seeking medical help ) .There i

A ﹒ 1在流动水下，使双手充分淋湿。A ﹒ 2取适量肥皂（皂液），均匀涂抹至整个手掌、手背、手指和指缝。A ﹒ 3认真揉搓双手至少15秒钟，应注意清洗双手所有皮肤，包括指背、指尖和指缝，具体揉

高压氧下呼吸系统发生变化与呼吸中枢对血氧浓度增高的反应及浓缩气体对呼吸过程物理作用有关。如果进舱前存有代谢性酸中毒和呼吸性碱中毒，应尽早进行高压氧治疗，并在舱内应用

To be found in youth age and easily onset in remission stage always .200mmH2O , sugar ↓ , protein> .10 / mm3 and could find leukemia cells in CSF .The CNS is a

Fever and loin tenderness may suggest acute pyelonephritis .Simple cystitis : young , sexually active female patients .

Coarctation of the aorta typically consists of a discrete , diaphragm-like ridge extending into the aortic lumen just distal to the left subclavian artery at th

If acute pericarditis is a manifestation of an underlying disease , it often responds to the treatment of the primary condition .Pericardiectomy : Some patients

DNA损伤后若不能有效修复，将可能破坏基因组的稳定性，部分关键基因的损伤即可能促进细胞转化或诱发癌症，在损伤修复过程中， DNA修复不良、细胞周期检查点丧失以及细胞凋亡障碍都

CAP是指在医院外罹患的感染性肺实质（含肺泡壁，即广义上的肺间质）炎症，包括院外具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后发病的肺炎。对于移植患者来讲，多发生在移植后较晚阶段，病死

Recent serial hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic studies have demonstrated annual mitral valve area loss ranging from 0.09 to 0.32 cm2 .In younger patien

Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L ( fasting means no caloric intake for ≥ 8 hours ) OR .It should be noted that the oral glucose tolerance test is more sens

Strengthen the standardization construction of supervisory management for medical quality and safety .Centering on the problems needed to solve urgently , in th

Signs : tender , warm , erythematous , swollen , lacks sharp demarcation from uninvolved skin .Patients may present with high fever , septic shock , excruciatin

用于盐酸阿米洛利检查。4 -氨基- 6 -氯- 1 ， 3 -苯基二硫酰胺紫外光谱图( 190 ～ 400nm ).相关色谱图参见〈盐酸阿米洛利〉。

Peripartum cardiomyopathy – rare with uncertain etiology .Traditionally defined as heart failure between the last month of pregnancy and the first 5 months pos

当患者表现为盆腔痛、痛经、性交疼痛或其他非特异性腹腔或背部痛时，鉴别诊断就很困难了。对于存在这些症状的女性来说最大的问题是获得合适的诊断性检查和可信的诊断。因为子

The eyeball model is with sagittal section .The choroid is a heavily vascularized and pigmented connective tissue whose boundary with the retinal pigment epithe

Treat acute precipitation factors ( e . g . ischemia , arrhythmias ) .Second line to ACEI , decrease in mortality not as great as with ACEI ( V-HeFT-II trial )

BACTERIAL MENINGITIS.

激素替代治疗（HRT）也被称为“绝经后激素治疗”，事实上最准确的是雌／孕激素治疗（EPT）或单独雌激素治疗（ERT）。用来评估最高级别循证医学、药物使用原则及规范的“金标准”的研究，应具

Chelation with deferoxamine may be necessary to prevent iron overload in patients receiving frequent transfusions .The benefit with rhu-EPO that is administered

Acute liver failure is the decision for urgent liver transplantation , which can increase the overall survival from approximately 40%to over 80%.Therefore , pat

The two most common causes are hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-related ( including bone secondary , para-neoplastic syndrome , and myeloma-related ) .Other i

Survivors should be referred for admission to a high dependency area such as ICU or the coronary care unit for ongoing organ support if necessary after return o

Identifying and treating the etiology could prevent the development of cirrhosis and its complications .Usually combination therapy with frusemide ( initial dos

Primary adult-onset dystonia is commonly focal and affects the face ( e . g . , blepharospasm-spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscles , oromandibular dystonia )

Vojta疗法是通过对患儿身体一定部位的压迫刺激，诱导产生全身的、协调化的反射性移动运动，通过这种运动的形式及其间对全身肌肉的赋活作用来促进与改善运动障碍患儿的运动功能，

Pain could be due to inflammation ( cholecystitis , appendicitis , colitis ) , ulceration ( peptic ulcer , ulcerative colitis ) , obstruction ( intestinal obstr

用于氯硝西泮检查。相关色谱图参见〈氯硝西泮〉。

机械通气撤机评估指标，见表A . 1 。表A . 1机械通气撤机评估指标。

Fas／Apo‐1抗原也称CD95，是效应细胞膜表面的一种膜受体，属于神经生长因子（NGF）受体超家族。在免疫系统中，Fas和FasL参与免疫反应的下调及T细胞的细胞毒作用，Fas和FasL可因为基因突

More recently , most HCCs were identified by surveillance or found incidentally during radiological studies .Classically , these patients usually have the absen

Ebstein ’ s anomaly refers to a rare malformation ( 0.5%of all congenital heart diseases without sex predilection ) in the tricuspid valve in which the septal

A ﹒ 1 ﹒ 1将口罩罩住鼻、口及下巴，口罩下方带系于颈后，上方带系于头顶中部。A ﹒ 1 ﹒ 2将双手指尖放在鼻夹上，从中间位置开始，用手指向内按压，并逐步向两侧移动，根据鼻梁形状塑造鼻夹。

在危重病症的抢救中，尤其是存在ARDS的各种致病因素时，须高度警惕本综合征的发生。应密切监视呼吸情况及血气分析的变化，结合肺部X线片及呼吸生理方面的检查可早期做出诊断。连

BASIC RENAL PROCESSES.

The natural history of HCC is dependent on the tumor characteristics ( i . e . , tumor size , multicentricity , vascular invasion and metastasis , pathological

Influenza is an acute highly contagious respiratory tract illness .Influenza virus can be divided into type A、B、C . Each of them has several subtypes based on

食管癌的早期发现和早期诊断十分重要。

Chapter 2 Anemia Ti SHEN

A planned program of rehabilitation can encourage patients to lose weight , improve exercise tolerance , and control risk factors with more confidence .PCI is w

注： √ ：应使用△ ：可使用#具有防烫功能的手套。

The hall mark of image changes of RA is symmetrical synovial joint damage .The earliest radiological changes seen in the hand , feet and knee include symmetrica

The vast majority of deaths due to ventricular fibrillation occur within the first 24 h of the onset of symptoms , and , of these , over half occur in the first

Recently , delayed puberty is defined as no appearance of any sign of pubertal development after 14 years of age .In fact , similar to precocious puberty , the

The major cost-driver of HF is the high incidence of hospitalizations .It may be broadly defined as a disorder in which the heart is unable to provide sufficien

其主体结构体包括13 -顺维A酸( 13 - cis retinoic acid )及芳香维A酸( aromatic retinoic acid )等。RA具有生物学作用的多样性，其表现在:具有免疫调节、肿瘤的化学预防作用

The treatment objectives are to stabilize and “ passivate ” the acute coronary lesion , to treat residual ischemia , and to employ longterm secondary preventi

The hepatitis A virus is a small RNA virus that belongs to the family of Picornaviridae , genus Hepatovirus and has only one serotype .The antibody to HAV ( ant

Common aplastic anemia or mild cases of this disorder may be treated with supportive care .Red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions are often given

AA是不明原因导致T细胞免疫亢进而损伤自身造血细胞引起的正常造血衰竭性疾病，临床表现为感染、出血和贫血，是T淋巴细胞“瀑布激活”致骨髓凋亡。AA病情进展迅速，一旦确诊，应尽快

Tetralogy of Fallot , the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease presenting after infancy , is characterized by a large VSD , an aorta that overrides the

医院感染暴发报告表。