在官方成瘾认识理论未曾确立之前，美国社会对于成瘾的认识可谓是五花八门、应有尽有。这些纷纭复杂的成瘾认识理论，一方面反映了美国社会对于成瘾现象本身在认识上所存在着的偏差与不同，另一方面也说明成瘾认识上的曾经困难之处。的确，麻醉品成瘾是至今尚未完全把握的一种麻醉品依赖症状。虽然在20世纪20年代之后崛起的以劳伦斯·科尔博为代表的“精神病学说”确立了对于麻醉品成瘾的美国官方见解，但是，这种解释并不意味着成瘾治疗在其实践过程中的卓有成效以及从此一劳永逸。事实上，在经历了乐观治疗成瘾的时期之后，美国社会上下对于治疗成瘾基本上已不抱太大的希望，而随着成瘾治疗的束手无策，以及医学界对于成瘾主流理念逐渐转向成瘾并非一般疾病的认识，美国成瘾治疗或者说美国社会对于成瘾者的治理也进入了一个特殊的时期。既然成瘾非病，或许说即使是一种疾病，也是一种非正常的精神疾病，那么，在成瘾治疗乐观时期形成的自由无拘的个人治疗成瘾的方式，尤其是那些维持成瘾的行医方式遭受摒弃也就成为理所当然之势。
需要强调的是，与这些成瘾认识以及治疗理念的变化并行不悖的是，因联邦执法机构对待成瘾的态度变化与医学界对于成瘾认识的变化而导致的医疗模式的方向性转变。很显然，既然成瘾并非疾病，而成瘾治疗也已无法解决成瘾问题，那么，以法律惩戒对麻醉品及其成瘾现象予以禁止，毫无疑问地也就成为当时美国社会解决成瘾问题的首要选择。这也是成瘾治疗在此后的相当一段时间里只能以一种附属方式依附于法律惩戒模式的缘由所在。
注释
[1]Charles E. Terry. “Narcotic Drug Addiction and Rational Administration”［J］. American Medicine 26, 1915, p.30, p.31.
[2]Charles E. Terry. “Some Recent Experiments in Narcotic Control”［J］. American Journal of public Health 11, 1921, p.41.
[3]Willis P. Butler. “How One American City is Meeting the Public Health Problems of Narcotic Drug Addiction”［J］. American Medicine 28, 1922, p.159.
[4]Ernest S. Bishop. “Narcotic Addiction-A Systemic Disease Condition”［J］. JAMA 60, 1913, pp.431-434.
[5]Ernest S. Bishop. “An Analysis of Narcotic Drug Addiction”［J］. New York Med. J. 101, 1915, pp.399-403.
[6]Ernest S. Bishop. “Some Fundamental Considerations of the Problem of Drug Addiction”［J］. Amer. Med. 21, 1915, pp.807-816.
[7]Ernest S. Bishop. The Narcotic Drug Problem［M］. New York: MacMillan Co., 1920, esp. pp.35-49; also see David T. Courtwright. Dark Paradise［M］. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2001, pp.128-129.
[8]Charles E. Terry. “Narcotic Drug Addiction and Rational Administration”［J］. American Medicine 26, 1915, p.32, pp.489-490.
[9]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.335-336, esp. note 40.
[10]“Report of the Committee on the Narcotic Drug Situation in the United States”［J］. JAMA 74, 1920, pp.1326-1328.
[11]Lawrence Kolb. “Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction”［J］. Mental Hygiene 9, 1925, p.723.
[12]Lawrence Kolb. “Drug Addiction: A Study of Some of Medical Cases”［J］. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 20, 1928, p.174.
[13]Lawrence Kolb. “The Relation of Intelligence to the Etiology of Drug Addiction”［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry, n.s. 5, 1925, pp.163-167.
[14]Lawrence Kolb. “The Opium Addict and His Treatment”［J］. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 40, 1938, p.5.
[15]Lawrence Kolb. “Drug Addiction in Its Relation to Crime”［J］. Mental Hygiene 9, 1925, pp.74-89；“Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction”［J］. Mental Hygiene 9, 1925, pp.699-744; “Types and Characteristics of Drug Addicts”［J］. Mental Hygiene 9, 1925, pp.300-313.
[16]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.338.
[17]Lawrence Kolb and W. F. Ossenfort. “The Treatment of Drug Addicts at the Lexington Hospital”［J］. Southern Medical Journal 31, 1938, p.914, p.917.
[18]Lawrence Kolb. Drug Addiction: A Medical Problem［M］. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1962, p.169.
[19]Lawrence C. Kolb. “Drug Addiction: A Statement before a Committee of the United States Senate”［J］. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 41, 1965, pp.306-309.
[20]Robert H. Felix. “Lawrence Kolb, 1881—1972”［J］. American Journal of Psychiatry 130, 1973, pp.718-719.
[21]A. Jaffe. “Reform in American Medical Science: The Inebriety Movement and the Origins of the Psychological disease theory of Addiction, 1870—1920”［J］. British Journal of Addiction 73, 1978, pp.240-242.
[22]David Courtwright. Dark Paradise［M］. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2001, p.132.
[23]“Report of the Mayor's Committee on Drug Addiction”［J］. Medical Hygiene 9, 1925, p.723.
[24]M. J. Pescor. “Prognosis in Drug Addiction”［J］. American journal Psychiat 97, 1941, pp.1419-1433.
[25]G. H. Hunt ＆ M. E. Odoroff. “Fallow-up Study of Narcotic Drug Addicts after Hospitalization”［J］. Public Health Reports 77, 1962, pp.41-54.
[26]R. M. Glasscote ＆ J. Jaffe (et al.). The Treatment of Drug Abuse: Programs, Problems and Prospects［M］. Washington, D. C.: Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health, 1972, p.xi.
[27]William Osler ＆ T. McCrae (eds.). Modern Medicine［M］. 2nd Rev., 2 vols., Cha.2, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1914, p.499.
[28]E. J. Pellini. N. Y. State Journal Medicine 20, 1920, p.119.
[29]E. J. Pellini. “Report of the Special Committee on Public Health of the Greater City of New York to the House of Delegates of the New York State Medical Society”［J］. N. Y. State J. Med. 20, 1920, p.117.
[30]David T. Courtwright. Dark Paradise［M］. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2001, p.3, p.113.
[31]W. A. Bloedorn. “Studies of Drug Addiction”［J］. U. S. Naval Medical Bulletin 11, 1917, pp.309-310.
[32]Charles E. Sceleth ＆ Sidney Kuh. “Drug Addiction”［J］. JAMA 82, 1924, p.679.
[33]Charles E. Terry. “Some Recent Experiments in Narcotic Control”［J］. American Journal of Public Health 11, 1921, p.33.
[34]Jill Jonnes. “The Rise of the Modern Addict”［J］. American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85, p.1158.
[35]Ernest S. Bishop. “Narcotic Addiction-A Systemic Disease Condition”［J］. JAMA 60, 1913, pp.431-434.
[36]David T. Courtwright. Dark Paradise［M］. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2001, pp.3-4.
[37]Susan Sontag. Illness as Metaphor［M］. New York: Farrar, Straus ＆ Giroux, 1978, p.28.
